The print() function outputs text to the console. It's the most basic way to display information.
print("Hello, World!")
print(42)
print(3.14)
print(True)
# Multiple values - separated by space by default
print("Name:", "Alice", "Age:", 25) # Name: Alice Age: 25
# Custom separator
print("a", "b", "c", sep="-") # a-b-c
print("a", "b", "c", sep="") # abc
# Custom end (default is newline \n)
print("Hello", end=" ")
print("World") # Hello World (on one line)
# Print to a file
with open("log.txt", "w") as f:
print("Log entry", file=f)
# Pretty print complex objects
import pprint
data = {"name": "Alice", "scores": [95, 87, 92], "active": True}
pprint.pprint(data)
The input() function reads a line from the user. It always returns a string - convert it if you need a number.
# Basic input
name = input("Enter your name: ")
print(f"Hello, {name}!")
# input() always returns a string - convert as needed
age_str = input("Enter your age: ")
age = int(age_str)
print(f"In 10 years you'll be {age + 10}")
# One-liner conversion
height = float(input("Enter your height in meters: "))
# Multiple inputs on one line
x, y = input("Enter two numbers separated by space: ").split()
x, y = int(x), int(y)
print(f"Sum: {x + y}")
# Read a list of numbers
numbers = list(map(int, input("Enter numbers: ").split()))
print(f"Sum: {sum(numbers)}")
print(f"Max: {max(numbers)}")
# Keep asking until valid input
def get_int(prompt: str) -> int:
while True:
try:
return int(input(prompt))
except ValueError:
print("Please enter a valid integer.")
age = get_int("Enter your age: ")
print(f"Age: {age}")
# Validate within a range
def get_score() -> int:
while True:
try:
score = int(input("Enter score (0-100): "))
if 0 <= score <= 100:
return score
print("Score must be between 0 and 100.")
except ValueError:
print("Please enter a number.")
# Yes/No prompt
def ask_yes_no(question: str) -> bool:
while True:
answer = input(f"{question} (y/n): ").strip().lower()
if answer in ("y", "yes"):
return True
if answer in ("n", "no"):
return False
print("Please enter y or n.")
if ask_yes_no("Continue?"):
print("Continuing...")
# tl-table-style output
students = [
("Alice", 20, 95.5),
("Bob", 22, 87.0),
("Charlie", 21, 92.3),
]
print(f"{'Name':<10} {'Age':>4} {'Score':>7}")
print("-" * 25)
for name, age, score in students:
print(f"{name:<10} {age:>4} {score:>7.1f}")
# Output:
# Name Age Score
# -------------------------
# Alice 20 95.5
# Bob 22 87.0
# Charlie 21 92.3
# Progress indicator
import time
for i in range(1, 6):
print(f"\rProgress: {i}/5", end="", flush=True)
time.sleep(0.5)
print() # newline after loop
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