C Unions

What is a Union?

A union is similar to a struct, but all members share the same memory location. The size of a union equals the size of its largest member. Only one member can hold a valid value at a time.

Feature	struct	union
Memory	Each member has its own memory	All members share the same memory
Size	Sum of all member sizes (+ padding)	Size of the largest member
Active members	All members can be used simultaneously	Only one member is valid at a time
Use case	Group related data	Memory-efficient storage of one-of-many types

Union Syntax

union Data {
    int    i;
    float  f;
    char   str[20];
};

union Data d;
d.i = 10;           // valid
printf("%d", d.i);  // 10

d.f = 3.14f;        // now f is valid; i is overwritten
printf("%f", d.f);  // 3.14

Union vs Struct — Size Comparison

#include <stdio.h>

struct MyStruct {
    int    i;      // 4 bytes
    float  f;      // 4 bytes
    char   str[20]; // 20 bytes
};  // total: ~28 bytes

union MyUnion {
    int    i;      // 4 bytes
    float  f;      // 4 bytes
    char   str[20]; // 20 bytes
};  // total: 20 bytes (size of largest member)

int main() {
    printf("Size of struct: %zu bytes\n", sizeof(struct MyStruct));  // ~28
    printf("Size of union:  %zu bytes\n", sizeof(union MyUnion));    // 20

    union MyUnion u;

    u.i = 42;
    printf("\nu.i = %d\n", u.i);

    u.f = 3.14f;
    printf("u.f = %.2f\n", u.f);
    printf("u.i after setting u.f = %d (corrupted!)\n", u.i);  // garbage

    // Only the last assigned member is valid
    return 0;
}

Union Use Case — Tagged Union (Variant Type)

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

// Tagged union: struct + union + type tag
typedef enum { TYPE_INT, TYPE_FLOAT, TYPE_STRING } DataType;

typedef struct {
    DataType type;
    union {
        int    i;
        float  f;
        char   str[50];
    } value;
} Variant;

void printVariant(Variant v) {
    switch (v.type) {
        case TYPE_INT:    printf("int:    %d\n",   v.value.i);   break;
        case TYPE_FLOAT:  printf("float:  %.2f\n", v.value.f);   break;
        case TYPE_STRING: printf("string: %s\n",   v.value.str); break;
    }
}

int main() {
    Variant v1 = {TYPE_INT,    .value.i = 42};
    Variant v2 = {TYPE_FLOAT,  .value.f = 3.14f};
    Variant v3;
    v3.type = TYPE_STRING;
    strcpy(v3.value.str, "Hello, Union!");

    printVariant(v1);
    printVariant(v2);
    printVariant(v3);

    return 0;
}

/*
int:    42
float:  3.14
string: Hello, Union!
*/

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C Unions

What is a Union?

Union Syntax

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